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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF OCCULTISM & PARAPSYCHOLOGY EDTION
Welcome to the first volume of the Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology, a comprehensive and authoritative guide to the vast and fascinating world of the occult and the paranormal. Edited by renowned scholar J. Gordon Melton, this encyclopedia offers a unique and in-depth exploration of the history, practices, and beliefs of various occult traditions and parapsychological phenomena. From ancient rituals to modern spiritual movements, from ancient myths to cutting-edge scientific research, this encyclopedia covers a wide range of topics that will intrigue and educate readers of all backgrounds.
Volume one of this encyclopedic work covers topics from A to L, encompassing a broad spectrum of subjects, including alchemy, astrology, divination, demonology, magic, mediumship, mythology, and many more. Each entry is written by a leading expert in the field, ensuring accuracy, clarity, and depth of knowledge.

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Publication details and credits
The Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology, a comprehensive compendium of information on the occult sciences, magic, demonology, superstitions, spiritism, mysticism, metaphysics, psychical science, and parapsychology, is edited by J. Gordon Melton. This fifth edition, published in 2001 by Gale Group, Inc., is a two-volume set, with the first volume (A-L) being the focus of this entry. The encyclopedia features biographical and bibliographical notes, as well as comprehensive indexes to aid in research.
In addition to J. Gordon Melton, the editorial team includes Jolen Marya Gedridge (editor), Christy Wood (associate editor), Pamela A. Dear (contributing associate editor), Jason Everett (contributing assistant editor), Rita Runchock (managing editor), Mary Beth Trimper (production director), Evi Seoud (production manager), Rita Wimberley (buyer), Kenn Zorn (manager, production design), Barbara J. Yarrow (manager, imaging and multimedia content), Tracey Rowens (senior art director), and Michael Logusz (graphic artist). Datapage Technologies International, Inc. handled the typesetting.
Contents Overview
Volume I
This volume encompasses a comprehensive selection of entries from A to L, delving into a wide spectrum of topics within the realm of occultism and parapsychology.
Volume II
Continuing the exploration, Volume II presents entries from M to Z, offering an extensive overview of the diverse subjects covered in the encyclopedia.
Internet Resources
The encyclopedia includes a dedicated section on valuable online resources, providing a curated selection of websites and platforms relevant to occultism, parapsychology, and related fields.
Introduction
Volume I (A-L)
Publication Details
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Contents
The encyclopedia concludes with a detailed general index, enabling readers to easily navigate through the vast array of entries and locate specific information of interest.
Introduction to the Fifth Edition and early brent schon ai artworks inspired by piccaso
The fifth edition of the Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology (EOP) continues the legacy established by its predecessors, offering the most comprehensive coverage of occultism and parapsychology. The first edition, published in 1978, combined the content of two leading reference works, Lewis Spence's Encyclopedia of Occultism (1920) and Nandor Fodor's Encyclopedia of Psychic Science (1934). Editor Leslie Shepard later took on the task of updating these original works and adding new entries.
The creation of this ambitious encyclopedia was fueled by a surge of interest in psychic phenomena, the occult, witchcraft, and related topics in the 1970s. This interest, which directly led to the New Age movement of the 1980s, provided an abundance of material for parapsychologists to explore. It also prompted a reaction from a group of skeptics, who formed the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal. This group believed they represented the scientific establishment.
Introduction
Volume 1: A-L
Volume 2: M-Z
Modern Studies
Resources
The Evolution of Occultism
The modern understanding of the occult has been profoundly shaped by the history of the paranormal in the Western world, particularly during the 19th and 20th centuries. Prior to the 17th century, a widespread belief in the presence and influence of occult entities and forces (then termed "supernatural") prevailed. This belief offered solace to some, but instilled fear and anxiety in others, leading to persecution, suffering, and even death. It empowered individuals who claimed to manipulate supernatural powers, allowing them to exert control and influence.
However, beginning in the 16th and 17th centuries, a critical examination of questionable supernatural phenomena emerged, starting with religious relics and expanding to the actions of witchfinders. The rise of Protestantism, which secularized (removed sacred value from) the world, coupled with the increasing acceptance of scientific observation and the organization of natural phenomena, fostered a spirit of skepticism. This skepticism culminated in the 18th century with the rise of Deism, a significant movement challenging the role of the supernatural in human society.
Deists affirmed the existence of God as the Creator but proposed that God had established a system of natural law, leaving the world to govern itself. This implied God's detachment from the world, suggesting that supernatural events were mere misinterpretations of natural phenomena. Furthermore, they believed that angels and spirits did not communicate with humans, rendering prayer ineffective. In response, religious leaders reinterpreted the concept of miracles as divine interventions that defied God's own natural laws.
Deist thought was largely confined to intellectual circles, although influential figures like Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington were among its proponents. The skeptical view of the supernatural became the cornerstone of the Freethought movement in the 19th century, influencing intellectual and theological discourse. Theologians frequently began their lectures with proofs of God's existence, preachers debated with village atheists, and evangelists intensified their efforts to reach the godless.
Amidst this ongoing debate, a new perspective emerged from a group known as Spiritualists, proposing that the distinction between this life and the afterlife was an artificial construct. They believed in a larger natural world that encompassed both. To scientifically demonstrate this larger universe, Spiritualists relied on mediums – individuals claimed to have special access to the supernatural realm.
Introduction
Evolution
Developments
Developments Since Fodor and Spence
The early to mid-twentieth century witnessed a significant shift in the field of psychical research, spearheaded by the work of J. B. Rhine. Rhine, a biologist, challenged the traditional approach that relied primarily on observations of paranormal phenomena in the field. He believed that psychical research was failing to gain credibility within the scientific community due to its reliance on anecdotal evidence and its association with Spiritualism, which was often plagued by fraudulent practices.
Rhine's revolutionary idea was to bring psychical research into the laboratory, where rigorous experiments could be conducted to provide objective, quantifiable data. This marked the emergence of parapsychology, a distinct field focused on the scientific study of paranormal experiences. While some psychical researchers continued to explore evidence of survival of bodily death, the rise of parapsychology with its emphasis on controlled experiments created a divide between the two approaches.
The influence of parapsychology grew, and its experimental methods eventually gained acceptance within the scientific community. However, this shift also marked a distance between parapsychology and the Spiritualist community, which had been a central pillar of psychical research for decades. The widespread fraudulence within Spiritualism further eroded its credibility, contributing to its marginalization in the evolving field of parapsychology.
The post-Newtonian scientific environment also impacted the standing of Spiritualism and Theosophy. These groups, rooted in nineteenth-century scientific perspectives, struggled to adapt to the emergence of new scientific paradigms, including quantum mechanics, depth psychology, and cybernetics. This failure to evolve led to their decline in influence, paving the way for the rise of other groups that embraced the post-Newtonian world.
The New Age and Beyond
Ancient Esotericism
Origins of esoteric traditions
Rosicrucian Era
Post-Protestant revival
Freemasonry
18th century expansion
Theosophy
19th century evolution
Eastern Integration
1960s cultural exchange
Esotericism, an ancient tradition, explores the hidden spiritual structure of the universe, seeking understanding beyond the physical realm. It delves into the concept of a cosmic energy or power that animates the world at a deeper level than the energy forms defined by classical physics, a realm known as "meta-physics." Esotericism stands as a "third force" in Western thought, distinct from both traditional religions and scientific materialism.
Esoteric traditions have faced persecution throughout history, often condemned as evil and superstitious, particularly during the rise of Christianity and the Enlightenment. Despite these challenges, esotericism has persisted and even flourished, adapting and integrating with modern thought and scientific discoveries. The resurgence began with the Rosicrucian movement in the post-Protestant era, followed by Freemasonry in the 18th century and Theosophy in the 19th. These movements furthered the practice of initiatory magic and revitalized ceremonial magic, particularly in Europe and the English-speaking world.
The belief in magic as a real force has been a point of contention between esotericism and traditional Christianity, with the latter viewing it as sorcery or witchcraft. The Enlightenment also contributed to the suppression of esotericism, labeling it as archaic and pre-scientific. However, the movement persisted, and its revival was bolstered by the integration of insights from emerging scientific disciplines. Figures like Franz Anton Mesmer and Emanuel Swedenborg, both trained scientists, became pivotal figures in modern esotericism, bridging the gap with contemporary scientific thought.
As the modern world expanded, esoteric traditions spread globally, leading to a significant exchange with Eastern philosophies and religions in the 1960s. This interaction was sparked by the influx of immigrants from Asia, including Japan, Korea, China, and Southeast Asia. African religions, particularly in the Caribbean, also began to integrate into Western society. This intermingling of traditions has set the stage for a complex dialogue within the Western religious landscape, where traditional faiths will confront and examine these new and evolving esoteric expressions.
The Current Need for a New Edition of EOP
Since the initial publication of the Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology by Spence and Fodor, a profound transformation has swept through the world of the occult, the metaphysical, and the psychic. The emergence of the New Age movement epitomized this change, and the scientific world witnessed a radical shift in its understanding of Spiritualism, Theosophy, and psychic phenomena through the lens of parapsychology. Notably, the Parapsychological Association's inclusion in the American Academy for the Advancement of Science signaled a new era of tolerance, if not full agreement, for psychical research within the scientific community.
The 1970s saw an "occult explosion" in the media, paving the way for the New Age movement's rise in the 1980s. Looking back from the perspective of the new millennium, it becomes clear that there has been an escalating interest in psychic phenomena and metaphysical thought. This interest has steadily grown since the late 1960s, with notable fads emerging from exorcism and channeling to crystals and angels. However, what remains constant is the establishment of these fields in mainstream society, a scenario that no one in the 1950s could have predicted.
The evolving appraisal of occultism and its new directions necessitate a comprehensive re-editing and updating of the Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology. Specifically, entries directly from Spence and Fodor required revision in light of current research and opinions. However, the historical context of these entries was carefully preserved. Editing also addressed archaic language, removing the numerous off-the-cuff references to events and people known only to dedicated students of the history of psychical research. Additional material was added to identify such passing references to obscure people and events.
  • The editor has strived to ensure the information provided is reliable and authoritative, following the policy established by Les Shepard.
  • A conscious effort has been made to treat both the occult and parapsychology in a manner that avoids sensationalism, name-calling, and unnecessary labeling.
  • New entries, mostly events and personalities, have been added. Organizations, publications, and societies have been updated to reflect current information.
  • Entries cover new occult groups and movements, highlight recent work in parapsychology, and reference events in England, North America, continental Europe, and around the world.
  • The editor has attempted to provide the latest sources, particularly for topics with limited source material in previous editions.
The New Age and Beyond
Current Need for New Edition
Format of Entries
Format of Entries
Entries in this encyclopedia are arranged alphabetically. For biographical entries, the birth and death dates are included whenever possible. However, many individuals featured in this volume lived before extensive record-keeping practices were in place, making it challenging to locate precise dates. Many figures rose from obscurity, briefly engaged in controversial events, and then retreated back into the shadows, making it difficult to gather basic information. Every effort has been made to locate such data, and numerous new references have been added and others corrected in this edition. When dates are uncertain, the abbreviation "ca." followed by a century or year indicates the approximate period during which the person flourished. A question mark in place of a death date indicates that the individual was born before 1900 and a death date is unknown. When internet research has been used, the source is cited. The editor has attempted to track down the homepages of all living people and contemporary movements included in this edition. However, internet addresses become obsolete quickly, so some listed addresses may be inactive. In such cases, using a search engine to locate the person or topic in question may lead to newer internet postings.
Cross-references are indicated by bold type within the text or by "See" and "See also" references following an entry.
Alphabetical Entries
All entries arranged in alphabetical order for easy reference
Biographical Information
Birth and death dates included when available
Cross-References
Bold text indicates links to related entries
Internet Sources
Updated web resources and search guidance
Indexes and Resources
This edition of the Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology provides readers with multiple indexes and resources to navigate the vast and complex world of occultism and parapsychology.
  • The **Internet Resources** section offers a curated collection of websites categorized by subject matter. This section includes links to organizations, societies, print products, and notable individuals within the field.
  • The **General Bibliography** provides a comprehensive alphabetical list of academic resources, facilitating further exploration of the topics covered in the encyclopedia.
  • The **General Index** allows readers to access significant people, movements, cultures, and phenomena related to occultism and parapsychology in a single alphabetical arrangement. This index acts as a comprehensive guide for navigating the encyclopedia's diverse entries.
These enhanced indexes and resources cater to both novice and seasoned researchers, providing valuable tools for discovering new information and deepening understanding of the occult and parapsychological phenomena.
Quick Navigation
General Index
Comprehensive guide to all entries
General Bibliography
Academic resources and references
Internet Resources
Curated online references
Acknowledgments
The author extends sincere gratitude to those who contributed to the creation of this edition. Special thanks go to Jerome Clark, Marcello Truzzi, Chas Clifton, Tim Ryan, and Macha NightMare, whose expertise in specific areas of research has enhanced the accuracy and relevance of many entries. Marco Frenschkowski deserves recognition for his thorough review of the fourth edition, providing valuable insights and suggestions for improvement.
Jolen Marya Gedridge, a seasoned in-house editor who has collaborated on numerous projects with the Gale Group, played a pivotal role in this edition. Her contributions include updating older entries and ensuring timely progress in meeting project milestones. The author expresses deep appreciation for her dedication and expertise.
Beyond these individuals, the author wishes to acknowledge the many others who provided specialized information and contributed data to this edition. Their collective efforts have enriched the encyclopedia's content and broadened its scope.
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